Research Paper Source Citations

Revised research paper thesis:

Chemical dumping and pollution are serious problems in today's society, because they lead to the destruction of environmental ecosystems and a decline in human health; therefore, companies must be more cautious and diligent when it comes to safely getting rid of their toxic waste.

Citations of articles that I am using for support and evidence in my research paper:

Bedsworth, William W., and Henrik Drescher. "The Verdict." Sierra 78.3 (1993): 82. Academic

Search Premier. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

I chose this article because it discusses how California is cracking down on companies who dump chemicals or pollute. My thesis suggests that the solution to chemical dumping is companies being more careful about their environmental footprint. This article describes how companies are forced to take responsibility for their negative actions and exercise extreme caution when it comes to disposing of their waste. California has put tough laws into effect that harshly punish violators of environmental protection laws. These laws lead companies to be more diligent about their waste, and therefore, dispose of it much more safely. This effectively decreases the amount of companies who dump chemicals.

Herring, Hal. "Don't Eat That Fish." Field & Stream 108.11 (2004): 72-107. Academic Search

Premier. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

I chose this article because it describes the negative effects chemicals have on human health. My thesis addresses that issue as well. This article uses specific examples of times in history when chemical dumping had adverse effects on the people who came into contact with the chemicals. The article also identifies which chemicals and poisons are the most toxic, and what type of people are at greater risk for weakened health. That information will help with my paper. This article focuses quite a lot on one specific type of chemical, mercury, but there are several general interesting facts and points also brought up.

The Editorial Board. "North Carolina’s Noxious Pig Farms." Editorial. The New York Times 25

Oct. 2016: n. pag. Nytimes.com. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

I chose this periodical because it describes a “toxins spill” due to a hurricane. Although the chemical spill was not caused by a company, it still negatively affected the people who live near the setting of the article. This article focuses mainly on the toxins that come from pig farms, but it goes into detail describing the types of toxins found. The article also describes what could potentially happen to the people who come into contact with those chemicals. All of this information will be useful in my article because I want to examine different types of chemicals and their effects in depth.

The following video shows how to properly and safely dispose of hazardous waste and materials:

Research Essay

For this research essay, I have decided to examine Friendswood through the lens of the environment. I am fascinated by the environment, and since the environment is such an important theme throughout Friendswood, I thought it would be the perfect topic.

The ten questions that I asked relating to this topic are:

1. What are safer alternatives to chemical dumping?

2. Should companies that negatively impact the environment be held more accountable for their actions?

3. Why is chemical dumping so dangerous?

4. What is the impact of chemical dumping on human health?

5. What are the reasons that a company would have to dump chemicals as opposed to getting rid of them safely?

6. What role does the EPA play in chemical spills?

7. What happens when the EPA fails to do their job and take care of chemical spills before they get out of control?

8. How does one clean up a chemical dump site?

9. What are the most toxic chemicals that are being dumped?

10. What is the impact of chemical dumping on surrounding environmental ecosystems?

The video below explains the EPA’s role in protecting the environment and how that role sometimes goes unfulfilled:

My thesis is a work in progress, but this is what I have so far:

Chemical dumping and pollution are serious problems, not only in Friendswood, but also in today's society, because they lead to the destruction of environmental ecosystems and a decline in human health; therefore, companies must be more cautious and diligent when it comes to safely getting rid of their toxic waste.

Reading Log: Friendswood Discussion Question #1

1. Through your new understanding of Positive Accountability, discuss the way in which Dex applies it to his life. Please focus your discussion on his accountability to Willa Lambert.
   

   

Positive Accountability emphasizes the constructive, positive aspects of taking accountability for one’s actions. Positive Accountability involves two specific behaviors. The first one is “To thoughtfully acknowledge an error, your own or another person’s, to and consider how to repair it, if necessary.” The second behavior is “To express an emotion, or a need, without using criticism or accusation, to avoid triggering negative emotions.” The video below explains what exactly accountability is, and why it is so important.

In Friendswood, Dex utilizes both positive accountability behaviors. Dex acknowledges that he played a role in Willa’s rape by not doing anything to stop the rape while he was at the party. During the party, Dex heard a rumor that Willa was upstairs and unconscious, but instead of going to help her, he left the party immediately. As a result of this, Dex experiences intense feelings of guilt. So, he attempts to repair his error by going to the police and filing a report. He tells a police officer about the events of the party and hopes that the officer will bring Willa’s rapists to justice. In addition, Dex encourages Willa to talk to the police herself. He expresses that he will fully support Willa if she chooses to go to the police. Dex explains to Willa that, at the party, one of the guys “put something in your drink” (Steinke 305). Willa previously had no idea that she was drugged in addition to being raped. Willa responds by getting upset and walking away, but it is clear that Dex’s intentions were good. Even before this, Dex attempts to alleviate his guilt and take accountability for his actions at the party by befriending Willa when no one else will. Every other student at school avoids her after her rape, but Dex is unconditionally kind and accepting of her.

Reading Log Questions: Who to Blame?

How does Hal use blame to protect Cully and himself?  What is Hal trying to protect himself from?

Hal has struggled with the concept of blame throughout his life. Years ago, he blamed himself for his alcoholism and his adultery. Now, he is desperately trying to protect Cully and himself from blame. Cully has made many mistakes recently that are affecting his reputation, and Hal cannot stand to see that. He knows what it is like to hit rock bottom, and since Cully is his pride and joy, he will not let it happen to Cully. Hal is blinded by his love for his son. So Hal is doing anything that he can to protect Cully. And one of the ways that he is doing that is by deflecting the blame away from Cully and himself. So, he starts blaming Willa for her own rape, saying that “there always were and always would be girls like that” (Steinke 149). He blames Cully’s friends for being a bad influence, saying that Cully “...left the house most afternoons and didn’t come back until late” (Steinke 130). He essentially blames everyone but Cully and himself. Hal refuses to let go of the past, of the time when Cully was his best friend, the one who saved his life and helped him clean up his act. He will not admit that Cully has changed and should accept some of the blame that he has brought upon himself. Hal is trying to protect himself from having to live in the present. He is comfortable living in the past; he cannot stand to face his current situation. Hal uses blame to deflect his own emotions of pain and anger onto other people so that he does not have to deal with them. He is projecting his struggles onto other people instead of taking responsibility for his and Cully’s actions.

Discuss Dex’s mother’ reaction to learning that perhaps Dex attended the party.  Who does she blame?  What does her response reveal about her character?

Dex’s mother loves Dex very much. She is a genuinely good person and places a lot of trust in her son and his decision-making skills. She is horrified by what went on at that party, and she is one of the only people who believes that the boys, especially Cully, should be held accountable for their actions and mistakes. She sticks up for the underdog, in this case, Willa, asking “why didn’t [the boys] do anything to stop it? It just kills me that boys here would do that…” (Steinke 181). Unlike the rest of the town, she does not blame Willa for what happened at the party. Dex’s mom refuses to drop the topic, and Dex explains how it bothers “...him that she couldn’t let it go” (Steinke 181). Dex’s mom is using blame to criticize the boys at the party. She is publicly criticizing them so that everyone in the town can see that what they did was wrong, and to make sure that nothing like it ever happens again.

Choose an institution (marriage, government, academic, church, family, mass media)  to discuss why “they” are speaking and why “they” are blaming.

The church is a powerful institution in Friendswood. The lives of most of the townspeople revolve around the church. So, it is natural that when there is a tragedy in the small town (Willa’s rape), Willa’s family turns to the church for solace and answers. Willa’s father forces her to go to pastor Spark. He is speaking on behalf of the church, and he is viewed as the link between God and the people. He speaks because he is believed to have authority and the ability to give helpful advice. However, he begins to blame Willa for what happened to her. He asks her questions such as, “you sure you weren’t drinking anything that day, Willa?” (Steinke 187). Willa realizes that she is not in a safe place, and she starts to feel apprehensive about sharing any information with the pastor. The pastor is using blame to punish Willa. He believes that Willa has made a mistake, and that she must be punished for the horrible acts that she committed at that party. When Willa tells him that she is having frightening visions, he dismisses her beliefs. Willa’s is surprised, thinking “it hadn't occurred to her that he’d accuse her of arrogance” (Steinke 189). After her visit to the church, Willa realizes more than ever that she has nowhere to turn, no solid support system.

Work Cited

Steinke, Rene. Friendswood. New York: Penguin Random House, 2014. Print.

Friendswood Reading Log: The Issue of Institutions

Discuss the perception of the City Hall officials to Lee. How do they treat her? What quotes support this? Are they fulfilling their responsibility to protect?

The City Hall officials are fed-up with Lee. They consistently brush off her concerns and worries. They treat her as though she is a bother to the community. Lee asks the officials, “how many times have I been here saying the same thing? Twenty times? Thirty times? A hundred times? Well, that’s right, and I’ll say it again” (Steinke 90). So Lee is giving the exact same speech every time, but strengthening her argument and adding more evidence each time. However, the City Hall officials and the entire town, for the most part, have moved on. Avery Taft desperately wants to build on the Rosemont site, arguing that “people need work. Times are hard. And, damn it, they still need houses. Affordable ones” (Steinke 91). But Lee is doing everything in her power to stop him. Some could argue that she cares too much, that she is living in the past, that she is wasting her time trying to stop the strong institution of the City Hall. But she is passionate about her research. She has worked tirelessly for over ten years to bring justice for her daughter’s death. If her efforts end fruitlessly, all of her hard work will have been for nothing. She would have wasted ten years of her life collecting soil samples and meticulous research for nothing. Her marriage would have been ruined for nothing. She would feel like she did not fulfill her purpose, like she let her daughter down. City Hall is trying to limit her right to speak up for her beliefs. They have a problem because she is going against their best interests. The whole city of Friendswood wants to move on from the Rosemont disaster, yet Lee stands in the way of that. City Hall is not fulfilling their responsibility to protect their citizens every time that they brush off Lee, or attempt to belittle the exhaustive work that she has done. Lee may be the dissenting voice in the town, but she and her views still must be protected regardless.

Discuss the response of the EPA to Lee. What is their response to her? What quotes support this? Are they fulfilling their responsibility to protect?

Not only is Lee facing adversity from the City Hall, she is also fighting with the EPA. She lost all trust in the EPA years ago, and does not believe that they are acting in the best interest of the townspeople. So that’s why she felt the need to take matters into her own hands. She is disappointed in the way the EPA handles the Rosemont case. The EPA representative,Ms. Dawson, whom Lee challenges in City Hall is trying to act interested in Lee’s claims, but it also appears that she is sick of dealing with Lee, as she listened to Lee and “..nodded aggressively, her mouth screwed tight” (Steinke 89). Ms. Dawson addresses the City Hall by stating that “we’ve done extensive testing, and we’ve found with our scoring systems for near-term decisions, there is no real risk to human health from these chemicals” (Steinke 88). However, Lee fires back with her own research, claiming “I have some photographs here that prove something else might be going on…” (Steinke 89). She continues angrily, saying “I have charts and data on the cancer rates of residents, most of them living within two miles of Rosemont. They are five times the national average. How the hell can this not be a threat to human health?” (Steinke 89). Ms. Dawson eventually agrees half-heartedly to take a look at Lee’s findings. However, it is the EPA’s job to protect the environment, and if there is even a trace of doubt that the Rosemont site is not safe for construction, then the EPA should still be out there, working and scouring the with just as much effort as Lee. But they are not. They are not fulfilling their duty as a powerful, trusted organization.

Work Cited

Steinke, Rene. Friendswood. New York: Penguin Random House, 2014. Print.

When is it okay to dissent? Who should speak?

When is it okay to dissent? Who should speak? It is okay to dissent or speak out, when the majority is going against your morals and ethics. It is okay to dissent when you are passionate about the topic that is being discussed. It is okay to speak out when you have a personal link to the topic. Everyone has different ideas and opinions, and to be able to dissent and speak out is to be able to be heard. For example, in Friendswood, Lee is the main dissenter against the oil company and the construction companies trying to build on the oil-ravaged land. Her town was evacuated years ago and she is still collecting soil samples, trying to prove that the area is still contaminated, explaining that if her efforts “...don’t stop that construction permit [she doesn’t] know what will” (Steinke 31). People in the town constantly talk about her “strange” behavior and condemn what she is doing. The man who is trying to build on the land complains that “...if she makes a big enough stink, well, nutty as she is, it could affect the sale of my homes” (Steinke 49). But the citizens don’t understand that she is trying to protect others from the terrible fate that her daughter suffered. People do not understand that the death of her daughter tore her family apart, and that she has never fully recovered from it. She is the person who is speaking up because she truly believes that the area is dangerous, and she does not want to see anyone else negatively affected by the chemicals. She is has a strong personal link when it comes to the oil industry. People of the town are afraid to speak up or dissent, even when they think that what is happening is wrong, because they are afraid of the consequences or the backlash. However, Lee has already suffered the ultimate consequence, the loss of her daughter. She has nothing to lose by speaking out.

Lee is making a bold move by standing up to the oil and construction companies. In a similar way, speaking out against rape, or challenging a rapist, is also unfortunately a bold move. In today’s rape culture, the victim is usually treated very poorly and the rapist is often given the benefit of the doubt. A 23-year old woman at a party at Stanford tragically found that out firsthand when she was raped behind a dumpster by a Stanford athlete named Brock Turner while she was unconscious. The unidentified woman was saved by two students who happened to be riding by on their bikes. They heroically stopped the rape, and then later spoke out about the horrific scene they witnessed that night. One of them was “...crying so hard he couldn’t speak because of what he’d seen” (Stanford Victim’s Letter 8). Those two boys spoke about their experience because they both had morals and ethics that would not allow them to remain silent. They believed that what happened was wrong. Similarly, the victim of the rape also spoke out, a bold and rare move in today’s society unfortunately. But she refused to let herself become another statistic, another voiceless face in a sea of silent rape victims. So she wrote a powerful letter to her attacker, condemning his actions and tragically detailing how her life has been turned upside-down since the rape, saying that “[her] independence, natural joy, gentleness, and steady lifestyle [she] had been enjoying became distorted beyond recognition” (Stanford Victim’s Letter 11). Many victims are afraid to speak up about their experience, but she was not. She knew that what Brock Turner did was wrong, and she wanted to let the world know that rape should never, ever be taken lightly.

Similarly to the situation that Lee is facing in Friendswood, in East Chicago, Indiana, over one thousand residents are being forced out of their homes because their soil contains toxic amounts of lead in it. And several of the residents are speaking up. They are outraged that they were not informed until a month ago that “...even the top six inches of soil in their yards had up to 30 times more lead than the level considered safe for children to play in” (Goodnough 2). They believe that the EPA and their own government has failed them. The residents are speaking up because they are passionate about not wanting to leave their homes, and “...some older residents said they resented being forced out,” because this is where they have built their lives. One resident said “if I’d known that the dirt had lead, [my son] would not have been out there playing in it” (Goodnough 1). They are clearly passionate about protecting their children and they are worried about the children’s health. These residents will not be pushed out of their homes without a fight, and they are determined to speak out, regardless of the consequences, until people listen to what they have to say.

Lee is Friendswood, the two Stanford students and the rape victim, and the citizens of East Chicago, Indiana, are all speaking out. They are speaking out because the majority is going against their morals and ethics. They are speaking out because they are passionate about the topic that is being discussed. They are speaking out because they have personal links to the topic. They may all be speaking out about different topics, but overall, they just want their voices to be heard. They want to make a difference in this world.

Friendswood Pgs. 1-30 Questions

• Who are the main characters thus far? How do you know?  What quotes from the text can you use to show how they're described?

In the first thirty pages of the novel Friendswood, the reader has been introduced to several complex characters. The title of each chapter is the name of the main character that we meet in that specific chapter. In chapter one, the readers meet Lee. She is the mother of Jess and the ex-wife of Jack. Her daughter Jess is described as a carefree girl who loves running around and playing with her friends. Jess was skilled at riding horses at a young age, and Lee “...was proud of the way she had learned how to handle her stride and the reins” (Steinke XIV). Lee’s husband Jack is introduced as a temperamental man, and Lee has to tiptoe around him so that he doesn’t get angry or upset. But is is also clear that he loves Lee very much. Both Jess and Jack are introduced in the prologue, but in the first chapter, which takes place several years later, it is revealed that Jack has left Lee, and Jess does not make an appearance in the chapter. In the prologue, Lee seems relaxed and happy, because “the black snakes hadn’t wriggled up from the ground. And she had no idea that this world was not without an end” (Steinke XV). This is in stark comparison to the first chapter, where she is portrayed as tense and lost in her thoughts.

The second main character that the reader meets is Hal. Hal is a struggling real estate agent. Through his inner thoughts, the reader learns that he was a former alcoholic, stating that he had “...said good riddance to the devil last year when he stopped drinking cold” (Steinke 13). Hal also seems to have problems with his wife, and it is revealed that he had an affair previously, which “...only lasted seven weeks, but it had nearly killed him” (Steinke 16). Hal prays often, and is a strong believer in the power of prayer. He seems to be down on his luck, but is optimistic that he’s about to get a big break.

The third main character that the reader is introduced to is Willa. Her chapter is the shortest, but a lot of information is given about her. She has visions, or hallucinations. She sees people and objects that aren’t really there, explaining that “there had been a little girl, reaching up with both arms for Willa to hold her. There had been a naked man with thick thighs and a beard. There had been a plate of sugar dusted cookies” (Steinke 21-22). She is becoming paranoid about it, worrying “...if other people saw similar flashes of shapes or color…” (Steinke 21). Willa’s mother used to be best friends with Lee, but Willa never heard the story of their falling out. Willa’s father mentions how strangely Lee has been acting lately. Willa is just a teenager, but it seems as though she is dealing with several personal problems.

The fourth chapter picks up again with Lee, and the reader learns a bit more about Lee’s family and her backstory. Lee is the one who discovered the oil seeping up out of the ground in her backyard from the oil spill, and when “...she put her finger against the slime just at the blackest part, her skin came back red and stinging” (Steinke 27). She becomes distrustful of the EPA’s assurance that the oil is not toxic or poisonous, and it appears that, years after the spill, she is still trying to prove that the ground is filled with toxins, hence why she is “...filling up empty, sterilized jelly jars with dirt,” in the first chapter (Steinke 6). She seems to be stuck in the past. In fact, several of the characters seem to be preoccupied by the past, either reminiscing about the old days or reflecting on past life choices.

• How is Friendswood described? What quotes from the text can you use to support your answer?

On the back of the book, Friendswood is described as a “...small Gulf Coast town” (Steinke). The story takes place in Texas, where the main commodity is oil. Life revolves around the oil industry, and when disaster strikes, an oil spill, the entire town is turned upside down. The people in the town are eccentric, each of them battling inner demons, “from a confused fifteen-year-old girl beset by visions, to a high school football star tormented by his actions, to a mother galvanized by the death of her daughter, to a morally bankrupt father trying to survive his mistakes,” every character is struggling with their own personal problems (Steinke). But the issue is, nothing in Friendswood can stay personal. Friendswood is a town where everyone knows everyone else’s business. Willa’s father Jack even brings up Lee’s personal life at the dinner table, saying that “...she’s just gotten stranger about the old Rosemont site. Made a scene last month at the city council meeting” (Steinke 23). When the reader is first introduced to Friendswood, the atmosphere seems friendly, with neighbors all gathering around and talking to each other as dusk settles in the small, rural town. But it also seems like the folksy town is hiding dark secrets that could potentially ruin the lives of many.